In the development of information and communication technology has developed very significant. From initially a desktop computer that can only be used in the office that has a high power, desktop computers can now be used in homes with small power. And the development, introduced with a portable computer (laptop / notebook) that can be taken anytime and anywhere without messy wires. In addition to laptops, we also introduced the smart phones (smartphones) and tablet PCs with the features and capabilities are always up to date and can be used to assist its users in doing something.
In principle, this technology is to serve the information needs in a timely manner (fast), effective (accurate), and targeted (relevant). Information needs on time if it can be available when needed, thus requiring processing speed. Appropriate needs will be met if the resulting information is correct so that the correct support decision making. While the use of such information can only be felt if the benefit is given to the right people and really need it, so it must also be relevant information to its users.
Thus, the technology can be developed with the significance it occurs because of the research that is continuous and periodic testing in order to produce a technology that is always up to date and can be used easily.
Therefore, we need to know what the computer is actually true, and also the development of the computer from early discovery to computer development at this time.
DEFINITION OF COMPUTER
A. Definition of Computer
Computers are tools used to process the data according to commands that have been formulated. Computer word originally used to describe people whose jobs do arithmetic calculations, with or without the tools, but the meaning of this word is then transferred to the machine itself. Origins, processing information almost exclusively related to arithmetical problems, but modern computers are used for many tasks unrelated to mathematics.
Broadly, the computer can be defined as an electronic device that consists of several components, which can work together between the components with one another to produce a program based on the information and data. The computer components are included hardware (hardware) such as a monitor, CPU, keyboard (the keyboard), mouse (mouse) and printer (display devices). However, without a printer, a computer can still do its job as a data processor, but the extent has not been seen on screen in print form (printout from the monitor to the paper). Not only the hardware, computer components also include the software (software) such as operating systems (eg Windows, Linux, MacOSX), office software (Microsoft Office, iWork, OpenOffice.org), and a media player (Windows Media Player, QuickTime, Winamp) .
B. Origin Computer
The term computer is derived from the Latin, which computare, and in English to compute the equally mean count, because originally the computer is used as an assistive device in the case of the counting numbers before finally becoming multifunctional devices. Computers today are the result of a long evolution of ancient computer, which originally was mechanical and electronic devices.
The word computer once commonly used to define people who perform arithmetic calculations, with or without auxiliary engine. According to the Barnhart Concise, Dictionary of Etymology, the word is used in English in 1646 as the word for "people who count" then before 1897 is also used as a "mechanical calculators". During World War II, the word refers to the workers of the United States and British women who work to calculate the artillery war with the machine count.
Charles Babbage designed one of the first calculating machine called the analytical engine. In addition, a variety of simple mechanical devices such as the slide rule also has to be said as a computer.
In such a definition there is a tool like a slide rule, mechanical calculators types ranging from abacus and so on, until all contemporary electronic computers. The term better suited for a broad sense as "computer" is "that process information" or "information processing systems.
HISTORY OF COMPUTER
Computers have been many significant developments. Of small discoveries that can develop into a variety of extraordinary discoveries. In time, the development of computers is divided into two, namely the development of a computer before 1940 and after 1940 the development of computers.
A. Development of Computer Before 1940
Since time immemorial, the data processing has been done by humans. Humans also find mechanical appliances and electronics to help human in the calculation and data processing in order to obtain faster results. After all of the data processing equipment since ancient times until now can we classify into four major categories.
Equipment Manual: the data processing equipment is very simple, and the most important factor in the use of the tool is using the power of the human hand.
Mechanical equipment: the equipment that has been shaped mechanical manually moved by hand.
Electronic Mechanical Equipment: Equipment mechanical driven automatically by the electronic motor.
Electronic Equipment: The equipment fully electronically workings. Some of the equipment has been used as a count before the invention of the computer:
Abascus;
Numerical wheel calculator (numerical wheel calculator);
Numerical wheel calculator 2;
Mechanical calculators.
Beginning computer that is actually formed by a British mathematics professor, Charles Babbage (1791-1871). In 1812, Babbage noticed natural suitability between mechanical and mathematical machine: mechanical machine is very good at doing the same tasks repeatedly without mistake; is mathematics requires a simple repetition of a certain steps. The problem is then developed to put a mechanical machine as a tool to address the needs of mechanics. Babbage's first attempt to address this problem emerged in 1822 when he proposed a machine to perform the calculation of differential equations. The machine is called Differential Engine. By using the power of steam, the machine can store programs and can perform calculations and print the results automatically.
After working with Differential machine for ten years, Babbage was suddenly inspired to start creating a general-purpose computer first, called the Analytical Engine. Babbage's assistant, Augusta Ada King (1815-1842) has an important role in the manufacture of this machine. He helped revise the plan, seek funding from the British government, and communicate to the public the specifications Anlytical Engine. In addition, a good understanding of machine Augusta it possible to put instructions into the machine and also make it the first female programmer. In 1980, the United States Defense Department named a programming language ADA named in his honor.
In 1889, Herman Hollerith (1860-1929) also applies the principle of perforated cards to perform calculations. His first task was to find a faster way to perform calculations for the United States Census Bureau. Previous census conducted in 1880 took seven years to complete the calculation. With a growing population, the Bureau estimates that it would take ten years to complete the census count.
In the next period, several engineers made other new discoveries. Vannevar Bush (1890-1974) created a calculator to solve differential equations in 1931. The machine can solve complex differential equations that is considered complicated by academics. The machine is very large and heavy as hundreds of teeth and shaft which are needed to perform the calculations. In 1903, John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry tried to make a computer that implement Boolean algebra in electrical circuits. This approach is based on the work of George Boole (1815-1864) in the form of a binary system of algebra, which states that any mathematical equation can be expressed as true or false. By applying the conditions are right and wrong into the electrical circuit in the form of connected-disconnected, Atanasoff and Berry made the first electronic computer in 1940, but the project stalled because they lose their source of funding.
B. Development of Computers After 1940
1 First Generation (1940-1951)
At the time of the Second World War, the countries involved in the war continues to strive to develop a computer that would be used to exploit their potential strategic importance computer. Because of this, an increase in funding from the state to accelerate the development of computer and technical progress. And in 1941, an engineer
Germany, Konrad Zuse Z3 managed to build a computer that is used to design airplanes and missiles.
On the other hand, regarding the British allies in 1943 has completed a computer that is used to break the secret code-named Colossus, to decode secret German military use. And the impact of the manufacture of this Colussus not have a significant influence on the development of the computer industry.
In addition, in the United States at that time and make progress, namely, a Harvard engineer, Howard H. Aiken (1900-1973) who worked with IBM succeeded in producing electronic calculators for US Navy. The calculator is a length of half a football field and have a range of cable along 500mil. The Harvard-IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, or Mark I, an electronic relay computer. He uses electromagnetic signals to move mechanical components. The machine operates with a slow (it takes 3-5 seconds per calculation) and inflexible (order calculations can not be changed). The calculator can perform basic arithmetic and more complex equations.
Then the other computer developments at that time was the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), which was made by the cooperation between the United States government and the University of Pennsylvania. Consisting of 18,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors and 5 million soldered joints, the computer is a machine that consume enormous power of 160kW. The computer was designed by John Presper Eckert (1919-1995) and John W. Mauchly (1907-1980), ENIAC is a versatile computer (general purpose computer) that work 1000 times faster than the Mark I.
In the mid-1940s, John von Neumann (1903-1957) designed the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) in 1945 with a memory to hold both programs and data. This technique allows the computer to stop at some point and then resume her job back.
In 1951, the UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I) made by Remington Rand, became the first commercial computer that utilizes a model of the von Neumann architecture.
First generation computers were characterized by the fact that operating instructions were made specifically for a particular task. Each computer has a program-code different binary called "machine language" (machine language). This made the computer difficult to program and the speed limit. Another feature is the use of first-generation computer vacuum tube (which makes the computer at that time very large) and magnetic cylinders for the storage of data.
From the above, the first generation to have the following characteristics:
Components that are employed the vacuum tube (Vacuum tube) to the circuit.
The program can only be made with the machine language: Assembler.
The physical size of a large computer, requiring a spacious room.
Quick heat.
The process is less rapid.
Small storage capacity.
Require large electric power.
Orientation on business applications.
Which includes first-generation computers, among others:
UNIVAC II (the manufacturer Sperry Rand - Univac)
Datamatic 1000 (manufacturer Honeywell)
Mark II, Mark III, IBM 702, IBM 704, IBM 709 (the manufacturer of International Business Machines)
CRC, NCR 102A, 102D NCR (National Cash Register manufacturer)
BIZMAC I, II BIZMAC (manufacturer RCA)
2 Development of Second Generation Computers
In 1948, the invention of the transistor greatly influenced the development of computers. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in televisions, radios, and computers. As a result, the size of electrical machines is reduced drastically. The transistor used in computers began in 1956 other findings in the form of the development of magnetic-core memory is the development of second generation computers smaller, faster, more reliable, and more energy efficient than their predecessors.
The first machine that utilizes this new technology is the supercomputer. IBM makes supercomputer named Stretch, and Sprery-Rand makes a computer named LARC. These computers, which was developed for atomic energy laboratories, could handle large amounts of data. The machine is very expensive and tend to be too complex for business computing needs, thereby limiting. There are only two LARC ever installed and used: one at the Lawrence Radiation Labs in Livermore, California, and the other in the United States Navy Research and Development Center in Washington DC The second generation computers replaced machine language with assembly language. Assembly language is a language that uses abbreviations to replace the binary code. In the early 1960s, computers began to appear successful second generation in the business, in universities, and in government.
The second generation of computers is a computer which used transistors. They also have components that can be associated with the modern day computer: printers, storage, disk, memory, operating system, and programs.
One important example of this is the computer on the IBM 1401 is widely accepted in the industry. In 1965, almost all large businesses use computers to process the second generation of financial information. The program stored in the computer and programming language in it gives flexibility to the computer. Flexibility is increased performance at a reasonable price for business use. With this concept, the computer can print customer invoices and minutes later design products or calculate paychecks.
Some programming languages began to appear at that time. Programming language Common Business-Oriented Language (COBOL) and FORTRAN (Formula Translator) came into common use. These languages replaced cryptic binary machine code with words, sentences, and math formulas more easily understood by humans. It is easier for someone to program a computer. A wide variety of new careers (programmer, analyst, and expert computer systems). Software industry also began to appear and grow during this second generation computers.
From the above, the second-generation computers have the following characteristics:
A transistor circuit.
Programs can be created with a high-level language (high level language), such as FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL.
The capacity of the main memory is large enough.
The physical size of the computer is smaller than the first-generation computers.
The process has been fast operation.
Requires less power.
Oriented business and engineering.
The second generation of computers include:
UNIVAC III, UNIVAC SS80, SS90 UNIVAC, Sperry UNIVAC 1107 9pabrik creator Rand UNIVAC).
Burrouhgs 200 (manufacturer Burroughs).
IBM 7070, IBM 7080, IBM 1400, IBM 1600.
300 NCR (National Cash Register manufacturer).
400 Honeywell, Honeywell 800.
CDC 1604, CDC 160A (manufacturer Control Data Corporation).
GE 635, GE 645, GE 200 (manufacturer General Electric).
3 Development of Third Generation Computers
Although transistors are superior to the vacuum tube, but transistors generate substantial heat, which could potentially damage the internal parts of the computer. Quartz stone (quartz rock) eliminates this problem. Jack Kilby, an engineer at Texas Instruments, developed the integrated circuit (IC: integrated circuit) in 1958 IC combined three electronic components onto a small silicon disc, made from quartz sand. The scientists managed to fit more components into a single chip, called a semiconductor. As a result, computers became ever smaller as more components were squeezed onto the chip.
Third-generation development included the use of the operating system (operating system) which allows the engine to run many different programs together with a central program that monitored and coordinated the computer's memory.
From the above, the third generation computers have the following characteristics
Components used is IC (Integrated Circuits).
The increase of its software.
Faster processing.
Larger memory capacity.
More efficient use of electricity.
Smaller physical form.
More affordable price.
The third generation computers include:
UNIVAC 1109, UNIVAC 9000.
Burroughs 5700, 6700 Burroughs, Burroughs 7700.
GE 600, GE 235.
CDC 3000, CDC 6000, CDC 7000.
PDP-8, PDP-11 (Digital Equipment Corporation's manufacturer).
4 Development of Fourth Generation Computers
In the 1980s, Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) contains thousands of components on a single chip. Ultra-Large Scale Integration (ULSI) increased that number into the millions. The ability to install so many components in a chip that is half the size of coins pushed down the price and size of the computer. It also increased their power, efficiency and reliability.
The Intel 4004 chip which was made in 1971 to bring progress to the IC by putting all the components of a computer (central processing unit, memory, and control input / output) in a very small chip. Previously, the IC made to do a certain task specific. Now, a microprocessor could be manufactured and then programmed to meet all the requirements. Not long after, everyday household items such as microwave ovens, televisions, and cars with electronic fuel injection equipped with microprocessors.
In the mid 1970s, computer assemblers offer their computer products to the general public. These computers, called minicomputers, sold with a software package that is easy to use by the layman. The most popular software at the time was word processing and spreadsheet programs. In the early 1980s, such as the Atari 2600 video game consumer interest in home computers are more sophisticated and can be programmed.
In 1981, IBM introduced the use of Personal Computer (PC) for use in the home, office, and school. The number of PCs in use jumped from 2 million units in 1981 to 5.5 million units in 1982 Ten years later, 65 million PCs in use. Computers continued evolution towards smaller sizes, from computers that are on the table (desktop computer) into a computer that can be inserted into the bag (laptop), or even a computer that can be hand held (palmtop). IBM PC to compete with the Apple Macintosh in the market fighting. Apple Macintosh became famous for popularizing the computer graphics system, while his rival was still using a text-based computer.
At the present time, we know the journey IBM compatible with the use of CPU: IBM PC / 486, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV (series of CPUs made by Intel). Also we know AMD k6, Athlon, etc.. This is all included in the class of fourth generation computers.
From the above, the fourth generation computers have the following characteristics:
Using Large Scale Integration (LSI).
Developed microcomputer that uses microprocessor and semiconductor memory in the form of chips for computers.
Fourth generation computers include:
IBM 370.
Apple II.
IBM PC / XT, IBM PC / AT, IBM PS / 2, IBM PC / 386, IBM PC / 486.
IBM Pentium II.
5. development of Fifth Generation Computer
Many advances in the field of computer design and technology enables the manufacture of fifth generation computers. Two such engineering advances are parallel processing, which will replace the non-Neumann model. Non Neumann model will be replaced with a system that is able to coordinate many CPUs to work in unison. Another advancement is the superconducting technology that allows the flow of electricity with no resistance, which in turn can accelerate the speed of information.
In this generation is characterized by the appearance of: LSI (Large Scale Integration) is a microprocessor thousands compaction into a microprocessor. Moreover, it also marked the emergence of the microprocessor and semi-conductors. The companies that make the microprocessor include: Intel Corporation, Motorola, Zilog, and others. In the market we can see the existence of a microprocessor from Intel with models 4004, 8088, 80286, 80386, 80486, and Pentium.
Pentium-4 is the latest production from Intel Corporation that is expected to cover all the weaknesses that exist in previous products, in addition, the ability and speed of the Pentium-4 also increased to 2 GHz. The images were shown to be much smoother and sharper, in addition to the speed of processing, sending or receiving picture also becomes faster.
Pentium-4 produced using 0:18 micron technology. With the smaller the resulting form of power, current and voltage heat released also getting smaller. With a faster processor cooler, can produce higher MHz speed. Owned Speed is 20 times faster than a Pentium-3 generation.
Packard Bell iXtreme 4140i is one that has a PC computer using a Pentium-4 processor with a speed of 1.4 GHz, 128 MB RDRAM memory, a hard disk of 40 GB (1.5 GB is used for recovery), and the GeForce2 MX video card with 32 MB memory.
HP Pavilion 9850 is also a PC using a Pentium-4 processor with a speed of 1.4 GHz her. PC Pentium-4 Hewllett-Packard daaing with dominant colors black and gray. Compared with other PC, Pavilion is a PC Pentium-4 with complete facilities. Owned by RDRAM memory 128 MB, 30 GB hard disk with the monitor by 17 inches.
Japan is a country well known in some attributes of fifth generation computers. Institutions ICOT (Institute for new Computer Technology) was also set up to make it happen. Many news stating that the project has failed, but some other information that the success of this fifth generation computer project will bring new changes to the paradigm of computerization in the world.
